“He was the original king of Hawaii. There’s a place called the Pali Lookout and its super high up in the mountains. He is known for single handedly throwing an entire army off the lookout. His army was a lot smaller than his enemy’s army. It was a long, long time ago. And because he won, he controlled Hawaii again.”

Analysis:

Collin Evans was born on the main island of Hawaii and attended Hawaiian school all his life. He recently moved to California to attend the University of Southern California to major in Mechanical engineering.

He learned the story of King Kamehameha during preschool or kindergarten. Every kid on the Island knows it. There are statues of him all over the island. “He’s basically the man.” He has become engrained in the culture of Hawaii and is now considered common knowledge. Collin feels this story links him to his past and to Hawaiian history.

King Kamehameha has become a legend throughout Hawaii. He is recognized for establishing the nation state of Hawaii and being its first ruler. Hawaii embraces the iconic figure and even uses him in tourism. Pali Lookout has become a huge tourist attraction. Figures of King Kamehameha are sold in gift shops. He even has his own holiday celebration on the 11^th of June. Traditional Hawaiin food is served, accompanied by traditional music and dances. There is a King Kamehameha hotel in Kona Beach, claimd to be the place where he once resided.

The manner in which Hawaiians embrace King Kamehameha is similar to the way in which the Irish embrace St. Patricks Day. People are embracing this because it is a way for people to hold onto there culture.

It’s considered a legend because people do not know if it has happened or not, yet it inspires questions about veracity. Although it is very unlikely that King Kamehameha single handedly threw an entire army off the lookout point, it was the location of battle. During that time frame, the inhabitant of the island believed in spirits and maybe got spooked or it may be that they were surrounded. There are several possibilities to why he became victorious, but it’s open for discussion.

Annotation:

Books and videos can be found on the legend of King Kamehameha, for he has become one of Hawaii’s most respected icons. Richard Tregaskis developed the video “The warrior King: Hawaii’s Kamehameha the Great,” made in 1973 and published by Macmillian. Also more information can be read on “The Napoleon of the Pacific: Kamehameha the Great” written by Herbert Henry Gowen, pubished by Fleming H. Revell Co. in 1919 (pg. 78).

“He was a farmer’s son and the folklore is that using Catholicism and religion, he somehow drove all the snakes out of Ireland and into the sea.”

Analysis:

Collin learned this piece of folklore from his grandparents, who lived in California. He was about ten years old and thought snakes were cool. He feels that this folklore offers a mythical perspective of someone who influenced history.

In the 5^th century, St. Patrick’s mission in Ireland was to convert the Pagan islanders to Christianity. The question is, why is St. Patrick associated with snakes? A snake or otherwise known as a serpent symbolizes evil in Christian mythology. For example, Eve was tricked by the devil disguised as a snake. It was the serpent in the Garden of Eden that convinced Eve to eat the forbidden fruit. Satan is often depicted as snake. Thus, the idea of banishing snakes could have been a metaphor for riding the island of evil. Furthermore, the idea of snakes as malevolent creatures has continued to be engrained in out culture. This can be seen in recent movies like Harry Potter and the Chambers of Secrets. This popular novel and movie depicts the snakes as the ultimate enemy, The Basilisk. Thus, it propagates from generation to generation.

Although St. Patrick was said to rid the Island of snakes, scientists have recently found an explanation for his great feat—they were never there to begin with. The most recent ice age was about 10,000 years ago, which would have made the island uninhabitable for animals. After the ice melted the environment was not conducive for snakes

“They are very little people that steal things in the night. They are not evil. They just do mischief. For example, if something goes missing, they say the Menehune took it. It’s a joking thing. Some say the Menehune are suppose to possess magical powers, you know…cuz you never see them… and they’re suppose to randomly build stuff. One day nothing will be there and then, the next day, a wall will show up or something. I’ve never heard of anyone actually seeing this, but its how the story goes. Like I said earlier…it’s used as jokingly when something goes wrong or is unexpected.”

Analysis:

Collin Evans was born in Hawaii. He grew up on the main island and attended Hawaiian school all his life. He recently moved to California and is attending the University of Southern California to major in Mechanical engineering.

Collin heard of the Menehune when he was a very young boy. He says it is mainly known among Hawaiian natives. It is something someone may bring up at a party when something goes wrong. He describes them as very small, smaller creature/ people. He doesn’t really know what they look like, except that they’re small like a leprechaun. Although he never actually believed in them, he jokes about it sometimes with family or when he is in Hawaii with friends. He does not mention it in California because most people have never heard of them.

The Menehune appear to be extremely similar to the leprechaun. They both are involved in trickery and mischief. Moreover, they are both engrained icons of their own cultures. The Menehune and leprechauns have become emblems in society. Although the Menehune are not as well known world wide, native Hawaiians know all about them. However, the resemblance between the two stands out the most to me as can be seen from Figure 1 and Figure 2. Figure 3 in the top right corner shows another image of the Menehune. Notice the round belly, pointed ears, hat, and jolly appearance. Now look at Figure 2. The leprechaun displays corresponding features. Moreover, it further supports the previous statement of iconic incorporation in society. The Menehune is utilized by a water company in hopes the creature will help sell water, while the leprechaun is attracting potential customers to a restaurant. Their startlingly similar appearance leads me to believe that the water company may hope to gain from their related appearances, for the well known leprechaun figure can be recognized by tourists.

Interestingly enough, over the years the Menehune have shrunk in size. The question is why? The Menehune are believed to have been real people of Marquesas Islander decent, arriving in Hawaii between 0 to 350 A.D. Later in 1100 AD, there was an invasion from the Tahitaians. Linguistic evidence found that the Tahitian word Manahune meant “class of workers” or “slaves”. This could be a possible explanation of why the Menehune are supposed to be good builders, for they may have been forced to build temples and structures for their masters. It was also known that the Menehune worked only at night under the glow of the moon. If they could not finish a given task in a single night, they abandoned it forever. This may be because in Hawaii it is hot and humid during the day and night time may be a better conducive atmosphere. Or it also could have been that those Menehune that escaped enslavement were only active at night as to go undetected. Furthermore, the social ranking of the Menehune as slaves caused a blow to their pride, honor, and thus physical size. The belittlement over the decades or centuries due to their low social status was a way for the Tahitaians to keep their power.

Again, similarly, in Ireland there were the sí (‘shee’) or spirits of the mound. People worshiped the Si until St. Patrick came along and brought with him the beliefs of Christianity. England began a process of ‘Anglicization’ which aimed at uniting Ireland and England, and thus discrediting the Si. Over time, they too began to shrink and now you have the figure known as the Leprechaun. When comparing the two histories, you have an invasion of a new group that changes the socio-economic and religious conditions. Additionally, in both cases, real people shank in the eyes of society due to vilification.

Annotation:

The Menehune are explained in more detail on Encycolepedia Mythica, under the article Menehune, written by Hugh D. Mailly and published  on the 3^rd of  March in 1997 <http://www.pantheon.org/articles/m/menehune.html>.

“He was on a boat, called the Hoku. They were sailing from Lanai to Owahu. On the way there, they hit bad weather and got lost off course. He was a waterman and a big surfer. He jumped off and paddled to the nearest island to find help. BUT, they never found him. A day later a helicopter found the boat. Now they say “Eddie would go”. He became a legend. On bumper stickers and stuff it’d say, Eddie would go. Made contest in his honor: Eddie Aikau Invitational. The waves have to be at least 25 ft or else they won’t have it. The whole Island shuts down and goes to the Eddie. It went once for 6 years without having it because the conditions were not right.”

Analysis:

Collin Evans was born and raised in Hawaii. He grew up on the main island and attended Hawaiian school all his life. He recently moved to California to attend the University of Southern California to major in Mechanical engineering.

Collin remembers this story from when he was very young. He says “its just something you know. All Hawaiians know it.” This true story has become a legend: Did Eddie really make it to an island or not? Collin, a surfer himself, respects Eddie abilities as a renowned surfer as well as his courage and compassion for others. The phrase “Eddie would go” not only pay tribute to the great surfer, but can be also said if “someone chickens out of a wave.” Collin, like all Hawaiians, recognizes the noble act and that is the reason why he is celebrated. He was young and could have won many more surfing competitions, but died unnecessarily.

Studying the breakdown of events in the Eddie Aikau story reveals unique characteristics that proved reason for its mass appeal and his permanent place in history. His story follows a standard archetype of a hero. He is a person from “humble beginnings… [who] masters a particular skill…saves man/uplifts them from despair… [then] vanishes or dies tragically…leaving his absence open to interpretation” (definition of a mythic hero by MythicHero.com) It is almost uncanny how closely the story of Eddie Aikua follows these guidelines, The storyshows Eddie Aikau had a good heart and was a good person. In a world full of violence and danger, it is reassuring to know there is still good people left. Eddie is an ideal role model for young kids growing up, like Collin, for he promotes a good image. He was not the typical athlete that could have a negative influence on the youth of society.

Annotation:
Stuart Holmes Coleman wrote a novel, “Eddie Would Go: The Story of Eddie Aikau, Hawaiian Hero,” published by Bess Press in October 2002, which includes interviews from friends and people onboard the vessel with Eddie during the storm. The tragic story is told (pg. 119 and bits and pieces in the introduction), describing Eddie humble life and all his accomplishments.

(http://books.google.com/books?id=VYyOBBZAq0AC&pg=PA137-IA6&sig=-MXCpZ-FQprbC_muoVa2fptjxLo&vq=%22To+everything,+turn,+turn,+turn,+there+is+a+season,+turn,+turn,+turn,+and+a+time+to+every+purpose+under+heaven..%22&source=gbs_quotes_s&cad=2#PPT1,M1)

Some background information on Eddie is that in 1968 he became the first lifeguard hired by the City of Honolulu to work on the North Shore. Eddie was known for rescuing people in waves reaching well over 20 feet; his reputation impeccable for not a single life was lost during his time served. As mentioned earlier he was also an amazing surfer, winning the 1977 Duke Kahanamoku Invitational Surfing Championship. “Eddie Would Go,” was actually first coined for his ability to take on big waves that other surfers would normally back down from and his courage to make rescues in treacherous waters. He died trying to save his fellow shipmates in 1978.

I find it interesting that Staurt Holmes Coleman has taken this new piece of folklore and published it, making a profit off the iconic figure. Throughout history there have been incorporations of folklore in copyrighted music, movies, book, and other materials. Even Shakespeare utilized folklore in many of his distinguished and celebrated plays. This is another example of copyrighted folklore, except this time the copyright came extremely close to the tragedy, only about 35 year afterwards. In a way, I feel this has canonized the Idea of Eddie Aikau. It will halt new folklore and stories about Eddie, since there is a “the true story” already published.

Eddie Aikau riding a wave.

A small town in Japan, known as Aomori claims to be home to the tomb of Jesus. The townspeople believe that Jesus left the Middle East when he was 32 and traveled with his brother, James, to India. In India the two studied religion with Indian monks and kept traveling through China into Aomori. There it is held that Jesus settled down and married a local woman. Together they had three daughters and spent the rest of their life there. It is believed that Jesus died in Aomori and on his tomb lays a lock of James’s hair.

Kevin, my brother’s roommate, has led a very international lifestyle and heard about this tomb when he was living in Japan. The tomb in Aomori is the only international tourist attraction in northern Japan and therefore it is well known throughout the country. To Christians and westerners this town legend seems blasphemous but in the town itself it is just an interesting old legend. A reporter from BBC investigated the story, interviewing the local people.

According to the legend Jesus escaped from Jerusalem and traveled across Russia and Serbia to Aomori where he became a rice farmer, married, had a family and died peacefully at the age of 114. It is also said that in the town there still is a descendent of Jesus himself.  The legend’s origins are also fairly recent. According to the article the legend began in the 1930s with the discovery of claimed ancient Hebrew documents that detailed Jesus’ life and death in Japan. However, these documents are now no where to be found and the town has never excavated the grave.

With these extra bits of information it can be speculated that this legend may infact be “fakelore.” It could be speculated that the entire story, tomb, and ancient house of Jesus that the town sells to tourists may only be a gimmick made up by the townspeople to draw in income. From Kevin’s interview and the article I gathered that the tomb is the entire region of Northern Japan’s claim to fame which is ironic because only 1% of Japan is officially Christian, however in an intervtiew with a Christian-Japanese priest had no qualms with the Aomori legend because it helps the people feel respect for Jesus in the Bible and shows that  “they are trying to make a connection with Jesus in some way.”  Perhaps any form of Christianity, despite its popular acceptance, is considered beneficial to the Japanese Christians and the Northern Japanese economy.

Annotation:

Bartlett, Duncan. “Japanese Jesus Trail.” BBC News (2006). 28 Apr. 2008 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/5326614.stm>.