Author Archives: Joseph Gloss

What’s Black and White and Read All Over?

The riddle is phrased as follows: “What’s black and white and read all over?

The classic answer is “a newspaper.” The humor comes from a play on words—while “black and white” describes the color scheme of a traditional newspaper, “read all over” sounds like “red all over,” creating a pun. Other playful variations exist, such as “a sunburned zebra” or “a blushing penguin,” which lean into the pun by replacing “read” with “red.

I first heard this riddle from my classmate Jon, who shared it with me as a joke during a class conversation. He said it was one of the first riddles he learned as a kid and that he remembers telling it to his younger siblings to see if they could figure it out. Jon mentioned that while the riddle is widely known, it has lost some of its relevance because newspapers are no longer as central to daily life as they once were. He also pointed out that kids today might not immediately associate “black and white” with print media, making the joke less obvious to younger generations.

This riddle reflects the role of wordplay in oral tradition, using a pun to create humor and challenge the listener to think outside the box. The structure follows a classic pattern of riddles, where a seemingly straightforward description leads to an unexpected answer that hinges on a double meaning.

Historically, this riddle likely gained popularity when newspapers were the primary source of information in daily life. It reinforces how humor and language evolve with culture. While it was once an intuitive joke, it may now require explanation for younger audiences unfamiliar with print media. This shift highlights how language, humor, and cultural references change over time as technology and media consumption habits evolve.Beyond its immediate entertainment value, the riddle demonstrates how simple linguistic tricks can teach reasoning and lateral thinking, encouraging listeners to consider multiple meanings of words. It also shows how oral traditions, even in the form of simple jokes, reflect cultural shifts, making this classic riddle both a piece of folk humor and a small artifact of historical media culture.

Date of performance: 2/11/25
Language: English
Nationality: American
Occupation: Student
Primary Language: English
Residence: Los Angeles.

Time Flies Like An Arrow, Fruit Files Like A Banana

The phrase is structured as follows:

“Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana.”

This phrase plays on linguistic ambiguity and misinterpretation:

  • “Time flies” can mean both that time moves quickly and, in a literal sense, refer to “flies” (insects) related to time.
  • “like an arrow” uses a simile to indicate the speed at which time passes.
  • “Fruit flies” can refer to both the insects (fruit flies) and a subject-verb structure where “fruit” is the noun and “flies” is the verb.
  • “Like a banana” is where the humor solidifies—it forces the listener to reprocess the second phrase, realizing that “flies” is now a noun rather than a verb.

I heard this joke from my classmate C. We were having a conversation about jokes that rely on linguistic tricks, particularly ones that make the listener momentarily confused before the humor clicks. C mentioned that this kind of joke, which plays on multiple meanings of words in a single sentence, is similar to classic wordplay found in old Vaudevillian comedy routines.

This phrase is a great example of a garden path sentence, which is a sentence that leads the listener to interpret it one way before forcing a re-interpretation. The humor arises from the way English grammar allows multiple meanings depending on syntax and context.

The first part sets up a familiar phrase, while the second part twists expectations, making the listener realize that “flies” has been reinterpreted in an unexpected way. This kind of humor requires cognitive flexibility as it forces the brain to reconsider its initial assumptions about meaning.

Beyond simple wordplay, this phrase reflects the fluidity of language and the human enjoyment of wit and mental puzzles. It also highlights the role of misinterpretation in humor, which is a common theme in folklore, riddles, and even literary traditions. Additionally, it shows how oral traditions evolve, as variations of the phrase have been passed around, modified, and adapted for different contexts.

The joke’s endurance across generations suggests that linguistic playfulness is a universal human trait and that humor based on language is not just entertainment but also a demonstration of how deeply people engage with words and meaning.

Date of performance: 2/11/25
Language: English
Nationality: American
Occupation: Student
Primary Language: English
Residence: Los Angeles

Don’t B Sharp, Don’t B Flat, It’s Better to B Natural. (Gloss)

The phrase is a pun based on musical terminology:

“Don’t B sharp, don’t B flat, it’s better to B natural.”

This plays on the names of musical notes:

  • “B sharp” and “B flat” refer to accidentals in music.
  • “B natural” is both a musical note and a play on words encouraging someone to “be natural” in life.
  • The phrase suggests a balance—not being too extreme (sharp or flat), but being oneself (natural).

I first heard this phrase from M, the music director at my church. He used it in a lighthearted way while talking to the choir and musicians, emphasizing the importance of staying attentive in rehearsal with a positive attitude. He mentioned that he had heard variations of this pun before and liked using it as a joke to keep rehearsals engaging but also as a way to get members to self-check their presence in the rehearsal. Beyond the musical meaning, M explained it to me as a life lesson—encouraging people to avoid falling in uncontrolled extremes and instead be genuine and balanced. He uses this phrase both as humor and as a small piece of wisdom for his students and fellow musicians.

This phrase is a musical pun that also carries philosophical meaning. On the surface, it is a clever joke about musical notes, playing with the homophonic nature of “B” and “be” to create wordplay. However, beneath the humor, it conveys a message of authenticity and moderation.

Musically, being “sharp” or “flat” means being slightly out of tune—too high or too low in pitch. In a broader sense, these terms can symbolize extremes in behavior or emotions—being overly aggressive (sharp) or too passive (flat). By saying it’s better to “B natural”, the phrase suggests that the best approach in both music and life is to remain balanced, authentic, and in tune with oneself. As a musician who studies jazz at USC, this kind of wordplay is common in musician communities, where humor often arises from shared knowledge of musical terminology. It also reflects the tradition of using puns and idioms to pass down wisdom in a memorable way. In a church setting, this phrase could take on an additional layer of meaning, encouraging people to be true to themselves and their faith. Ultimately, this phrase highlights how language, music, and life lessons can intertwine, showing how humor can be used as both entertainment and a means of imparting wisdom.

Date_of_performance: 2/24/25
Language: English
Nationality: American
Occupation: Teacher
Primary Language: English
Residence: San Francisco, CA

Theatrical Folklore: The Macbeth Curse – “The Scottish Play”

In theatre folklore, it is considered bad luck to say the name “Macbeth” inside a theater unless one is performing the play. Instead, actors and crew refer to it as “The Scottish Play” to avoid invoking misfortune. The belief is that uttering the name in a theater will bring accidents, technical failures, or even personal injury.

If someone accidentally says “Macbeth,” there are traditional rituals to reverse the curse, which often include:

  • Stepping outside the theater, spinning around three times, and spitting over one’s shoulder.
  • Reciting a line from another Shakespeare play, often from Hamlet or A Midsummer Night’s Dream.
  • Knocking on wood or performing other symbolic actions to cleanse the bad luck.

Many theater professionals follow this superstition, even if they do not fully believe in it, simply out of tradition and respect for the craft. 

I first heard about this superstition from M, the music director at my church, who has a strong background in both music and theater. He brought it up during our conversation. M explained that many actors and stage crews take the “Macbeth” curse seriously and will quickly perform a ritual if someone accidentally says the name inside a theater. He also mentioned that he has witnessed productions where, after someone said “Macbeth,” things started going wrong—props went missing, technical difficulties occurred, or performers forgot lines.

M sees the superstition as part of the camaraderie of the theater world, where traditions help create a sense of shared identity and respect for past performers. Even though he personally doesn’t believe in the curse, he follows the tradition out of habit and to avoid making fellow performers uneasy. The superstition surrounding Macbeth is an example of folklore that persists within professional communities, shaping behavior and reinforcing tradition. This belief connects modern theater practitioners to centuries-old customs, creating a sense of continuity in the performing arts.

There are several theories about the origin of the “Macbeth curse”:

  • One suggests that Shakespeare included real witches’ spells in the play, angering supernatural forces.
  • Another theory is that the play’s themes of violence, betrayal, and ambition create a chaotic energy, leading to an increase in accidents on stage.
  • Historically, Macbeth was often performed when a theater was struggling financially, leading to an association between the play and bad luck.

Psychologically, the curse may also function as a self-fulfilling prophecy—actors who believe in it may become anxious, increasing the likelihood of mistakes, which then reinforce belief in the superstition. This pattern reflects a broader human tendency to attribute misfortune to external forces rather than coincidence or human error. Beyond superstition, the tradition of avoiding “Macbeth” shows how rituals and beliefs create a shared cultural identity within a professional community. Even in a modern, rational world, folklore continues to thrive, especially in artistic settings, offering performers a sense of connection to those who came before them. Whether taken seriously or treated as a humorous ritual, the belief in “The Scottish Play” remains an enduring part of theater culture.

Date_of_performance: 2/24/25
Language: English
Nationality: American
Occupation: Teacher
Primary Language: English
Residence: San Francisco, CA

Don’t Hit a Dog with a Meatbun!

“If You Hit a Dog with a Meat Bun, the Dog Eats It and You Have No Food Now”

In Mandarin, the proverb is phrased as “用肉包子打狗，有去无回” (yòng ròu bāozi dǎ gǒu, yǒu qù wú huí). This mandarin phrase translates literally to: “If you hit a dog with a meat bun, the dog eats it, and you get nothing back.” The meaning behind the proverb is that once something is given away or invested in the wrong place, it is lost with no return.

I learned this proverb from my classmate C, who heard it from a Chinese friend with whom she has a close personal relationship. Her friend explained it to her in the context of making futile efforts—situations where people put in effort, time, or resources but receive nothing in return. C told me she found it humorous and practical, often using it in conversations when she or someone she knows feels like their effort has been wasted. For example, she mentioned using the phrase when lending money to someone unlikely to repay or when trying to argue with a stubborn person who refuses to change their mind.

This proverb reflects to me, a somewhat practical, yet humorous worldview, emphasizing the importance of knowing where to invest one’s energy and resources. The image of someone literally throwing a meat bun at a dog—only for the dog to eat it—is a vivid metaphor for wasted effort. The cultural value embedded in this proverb aligns with pragmatism, a notion that is deeply ingrained and enshrined in my perception of Chinese culture and their proverbs/folk sayings. From a broader perspective, this proverb connects to universal themes of loss and strategic thinking—understanding that not all efforts are worthwhile and that being mindful of where one invests energy is crucial. It also reveals a subtle caution against generosity without foresight, a theme in many folk traditions worldwide. The humor in the phrase makes it more engaging and relatable, allowing it to be used in everyday conversations while carrying deeper wisdom.

Date of performance: 2/11/2025
Language: English
Nationality: American
Occupation: Student
Primary Language: English
Residence: Los Angeles, CA