Tag Archives: christian

Minor Genre: Proverb – The Wolf

  1. Text: “Έβαλαν το λύκο να φυλάει τα πρόβατα.” or “They put the wolf to guard the sheep.”
  2. Informants Context: We often had sheep around us when I was young in Greece. The shepherd was one of the most common working jobs in Arcadia, my home region. We existed in a very natural, pastoral part of Greece where wildlife was very prominent and allowed to grow. This meant that wolves often surrounded the area. The shepherds knew all about the wolves – where they existed in the region, what they acted like. The shepherd was the great guardian of his herd. The wolf is a very smart creature though, often trying to find a way to get to the flock of sheep. The wolves are the enemies of the sheep. The battle of these two animals was a common occurrence in my village, we would often watch shepherds outplay the wolves or lose a sheep. The shepherd would often lose sheep at night if anything, if the flock ever went undefended. Someone had to watch the sheep constantly, even during the night. So because of this, we developed the expression “They put the wolf to guard the sheep”. We use this expression to describe when someone is being deceitful, clearly acting in a position that they cannot be trusted in. Someone has joined or infiltrated a group to clearly destroy it.
  3. Collectors Interpretation: The themes and ideas surrounding the proverb, “They put the wolf to guard the sheep” is clearly indicative of a culture that values truthfulness and loyalty. Juxtaposing those values is a skepticism toward anyone who might practice deceitfulness or make an effort to be dishonest. One could also assume that the culture deeply prioritizes the strength and sanctity of an inner-circle, refusing to let just any stranger become closely associated with families and friends. Greeks are a culture of very keen, skeptical individuals. These concepts of truth and lies, enemy and ally are clearly at least partly informed by their observations of the natural world. The hierarchy of animals proves to be a useful metaphoric tool for the class of Greeks that grew up in a pastoral setting without having the opportunity for education. It can be assumed from this proverb that the natural world has always been a tool of education for these pastoral Greeks, informing their worldview and perceptions. Not to mention that this proverb feels closely associated with or similar to the Christian proverb, “Watch out for false prophets. They come to you in sheep’s clothing, but inwardly they are ferocious wolves.” These similarities may also represent a folkloric culture in Greece that has been distinctly shaped by Christian theology and its ideas, reshaping Christian proverbs to suit their specific viewpoint. This is consistent with the theory of multiplicity and variation, how common proverbs are repeatedly restructured to fit the context of a certain culture.

Fields

AGE: 87

Date_of_performance: May 9, 2025

Language: Greek

Nationality: Greek/Canadian

Occupation: Retired

Primary Language: Greek

Residence: Canada

How to cure a cold (with optimism)

Nationality: American
Age: 59
Occupation: Psychology Professor
Residence: Forest Falls, CA
Language: English

Text:

“My cure to the cold is to drink lots of fluids, like tea, and to have an optimistic mental attitude. I synthesized this from drinking lots of fluids being good for you and tea kind of being a good warm…. like tea, so warm fluids being good, and the… I can’t remember where it is… and a combination of the Bible, in Proverbs or wherever it is, and kind of the medical stuff like… I don’t know. It seems like you can release endorphins, I don’t know if ‘endorphins’ is the right thing, but it seems like you can fight off infections that way. So I just put this stuff together and thought that you could have this optimistic attitude to fight off what’s coming. But it seems to me like it only works at the tipping point, like it could be right at the balance. But once you’re sick, you’re sick.”

Context:

Informant KB is a highly educated individual and has a background of studying psychology and religion. He was also raised in the Seventh-day Adventist church, which is distinct for its emphasis on health and dietary restrictions. Despite general anti-science and anti-evolution tendencies in the Adventist church, KB is an adamant believer in synthesizing his faith with the findings and practices of the scientific community. As for Biblical references, KB may be referring to Proverbs 17:22, which reads, “A joyful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones.”

Analysis:

Cures to the common cold are numerous and variable, especially because there is currently no institutionally recognized cure. KB’s hypothesis is representative of the nature of folklore as “might be right” knowledge. KB draws on his background in psychology, citing the potential healing power of endorphins in response to a positive mindset. However, this particular cure implies that if one does not succeed in being optimistic enough, they are responsible for their own fall into illness. This may or may not intentionally parallel the common Christian view that if one does not take responsibility for their ‘sinful’ human nature, they are responsible for their eternal damnation.

Las Posadas

Nationality: Mexican-American
Age: 21
Occupation: Business Major
Residence: Los Angeles, California
Language: English

Informant: “I’ve celebrated this a few times with my grandma. It’s a Mexican celebration, not on Christmas Day, but around the holiday times. You all get together, sometimes as a church thing, but it’s still a big community event even for the non-religious. There’s some specific activities we always do, like certain games and whatnot. We usually have tamales for the food, but I imagine that differs. We would also sing songs together. There’s one specific song we would sing called ‘Las Posadas’, which I guess the holiday is named after. I think the lyrics talk about Mary’s journey because the celebration itself is meant to be a celebration of Mary’s journey while seeking shelter to give birth to Jesus. We sometimes would hold candles while singing that song, too, and I think that’s a big part of the celebration for some people. For me, it’s really just a good excuse to see family around the holidays. Although it is religious, I would say that the whole community participates, and it doesn’t feel as strictly religious as I may be making it sound. There’s also piñatas, so it would be one of the only times you hit one aside from your birthday. I really liked that part as a kid.”

Context: The informant is telling me about a traditional Christmas celebration that is important to his family. Although he knows the celebration is really about Mary and Jesus, he seems adamant that it has turned into a more general celebration, and is an event for more than just Christians. He seems to remember the celebrations fondly and recalls them as something that was mostly explained and taught to him by his grandmother.

Analysis: Las Posadas is a festival centered around prayer that is celebrated in many places in Latin America, Spain, and, of course, Mexico. Las Posadas, meaning lodging, refers to the shelter provided to Mary in the nativity story. Interestingly, my research indicated that this is an intimately Christian celebration, with some forms of the festival going so far as to re-enact Mary’s journey, complete with actors playing the role of Mary, Joseph, and even angels. Perhaps my informant’s understanding of the festival reflects that his family places more emphasis on being with family over the holidays than celebrating their religion. However, the informant is less religious than many of his older family members, so it is possible the religious themes are still just as present in their practice of the festival, but he finds them less important or relevant to his own personal meaning.

Fete des Rios

Title: Fête des Rois (Epiphany / King’s Day)
AGE: 55
Date_of_performance: May 1, 2025
Language: French
Nationality: American grew up in Paris
Occupation: Consultant
Primary Language: English
Residence: Toronto, Canada
Folklore Explanation:
“We always did Fête des Rois growing up—it was just part of the rhythm after New Year’s. We’d have the galette des rois, that puff pastry cake with almond filling, and there’d always be a fève hidden inside. The person who got the slice with the fève was the king or queen for the day, and they got to wear the paper crown that came with the cake. In our house, the winner would either kiss the person they loved, or if you were sitting with friends or siblings, it was the person to your left. It was lighthearted, but it felt kind of royal as a kid.
What I remember most, though, was in elementary school. They made a big thing of it. We’d all sit under the table—literally under it—while someone cut the galette, and then they’d call out who got each slice. That way it stayed random. And the second someone found the fève, it was chaos. The winner had to kiss someone, and in a room full of eight-year-olds, that was about the most dramatic thing that could happen. People would scream, laugh, hide under desks. It was silly, but it was something everyone looked forward to. It made January feel less gray.”
Analysis:
Fête des Rois is a form of religious calendar custom celebrated on January 6, tied to Christian Epiphany, marking the arrival of the Three Wise Men (Les Rois Mages) to visit the newborn Jesus. The tradition of the galette des rois with a hidden fève (originally a bean, now often a porcelain figurine) is a blend of symbolic folklore and ritual foodways. Its transmission is both domestic (within families) and institutional (through schools and bakeries), making it a hybrid of private and public tradition.
The custom of crowning a “king” or “queen” and engaging in playful rituals like kissing someone at the table represents performance and participatory folklore, especially powerful among children where the act becomes a rite of social play. Though rooted in religious narrative, the modern version often emphasizes community, chance, and lighthearted social interaction over doctrine. Its survival in French and Francophone cultures is supported by oral tradition, seasonal food marketing, and educational reinforcement, making it a strong example of enduring cultural folklore with evolving forms.

A Demonic Presence

Nationality: American
Age: 22
Occupation: Construction Science Student
Residence: College Station, Texas
Language: English

Informant: “One time, I experienced something I think was supernatural. I was over at my girlfriend’s ranch, and I had a really bad dream. In my dream, it felt like there was some kind of evil or demonic presence. I was able to cast it away and thought nothing of it until my girlfriend mentioned she had a similar dream that morning. I forgot about the dream, and later, I stayed at that ranch again, and I didn’t even remember the prior time. Anywho, my girlfriend and I were hanging out, but for some reason, she commented that she thinks something is in here with us. Weirdly, I was thinking the exact same thing. It was the same room I had that dream in. Man, I never get scared of anything, but that night, I was scared. My skin was crawling. We talked about it for a while, and eventually, the feeling faded.”

Me: “Do you think there was really some kind of evil presence that day?”

Informant: “Maybe. It’s hard to say. The dream felt so real, and what are the chances that my girlfriend had the same one? If I had to guess, I’d say it was a demon. I know you don’t see it the same way, but that stuff is out there. All I know is God protected me that day.”

Context: The informant is a devout Christian, and he recounted to me a time he believes he felt a supernatural presence. Both memorates happened at the same ranch house, and he thinks the supernatural entity in question may somehow be connected to that house, but that God has protected himself and his girlfriend’s family because they all believe in God.

Analysis: Having grown up in the same culture, I can say that many Christians have been taught to look out for the devil. I find it very likely that the informant’s religion caused him to read into a weird, potentially supernatural event as a demonic presence or evil. We went to the same school, and had teachers who told similar stories of encountering a demonic presence. What stood out to me about this particular story, though, was that my friend believes he, in some way, cast the demon away, at least the first time. I think this speaks to a deeper belief he holds that he is, at his core, a follower of God and that God is with him always. Whatever really happened on those two nights, supernatural or not, this belief allowed him to make sense of the situation and move forward without fear. I believe this memorate offers an amazing look into how my friend sees the world and the values that are important to him. It’s not important for him to frame the negative presence as demonic, or even as strictly real, but he made sure that I knew that his belief in God was what got him out of it.